| |
|
|
| Specific
Instruments |
|
Declaration on Fundamental Principles concerning the Contribution of the Mass Media to Strengthening Peace and International Understanding, to the Promotion of Human Rights and to Countering Racialism, Apartheid and Incitement to War |
 |
| Date of adoption:
28/1/1978 |
Entry into
force:
- |
| System of protection:
Universal |
|
The Kampala Declaration on Intellectual Freedom and Social Responsibility |
|
| Date of adoption:
29/11/1990 |
Entry into
force:
- |
| System of protection:
Other |
|
The Johannesburg Principles on National Security, Freedom of Expression and Access to Information |
|
| Date of adoption:
1996 |
Entry into
force:
- |
| System of protection:
Universal |
|
Inter-American Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression |
|
| Date of adoption:
10/2000 |
Entry into
force:
- |
| System of protection:
Organization of American States |
|
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages |
|
| Date of adoption:
5/11/1992 |
Entry into
force:
1/3/1998 |
| System of protection:
Council of Europe |
|
Convention on the International Right of Correction |
|
| Date of adoption:
16/12/1952 |
Entry into
force:
24/8/1962 |
| System of protection:
Universal |
| |
|
|
| General
Instruments |
 |
|
The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam |
|
| Date of adoption:
5/8/1990 |
Entry into
force:
- |
| System of protection:
Organization of the Islamic Conference |
|
American Convention on Human Rights (Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica) |
|
| Date of adoption:
22/11/1969 |
Entry into
force:
18/7/1978 |
| System of protection:
Organization of American States |
|
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights, ECHR) |
|
| Date of adoption:
4/11/1950 |
Entry into
force:
3/9/1953 |
| System of protection:
Council of Europe |
|
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) |
|
| Date of adoption:
16/12/1966 |
Entry into
force:
23/3/1976 |
| System of protection:
Universal |
|
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union |
|
| Date of adoption:
7/12/2000 |
Entry into
force:
- |
| System of protection:
European Union |
|
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) |
|
| Date of adoption:
10/12/1948 |
Entry into
force:
- |
| System of protection:
Universal |
|
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man |
|
| Date of adoption:
2/5/1948 |
Entry into
force:
- |
| System of protection:
Organization of American States |
|
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter) |
|
| Date of adoption:
27/6/1981 |
Entry into
force:
21/10/1986 |
| System of protection:
Organization of African Unity |
| |
|
|
| Articles |
|
|
Droit communautaire des droits fondamentaux |
|
|
Frédéric SUDRE |
| Latest update:
23/06/2003 |
First published:
2002 |
| Reference:
Rev. trim. dr. h. 2002; p. 659-683. |
|
Chronicle of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice in the field of Human Rights - 2001. |
|
German Landmark Nazi Ruling |
|
|
Steve GOLD |
| Latest update:
31/03/2003 |
First published:
12/12/2000 |
| Reference:
Newsbytes |
|
A case involving an Australian Holocaust revisionist, Frederick Toben, has resulted in the German Supreme Court ruling that any Web publisher, no matter what his or her country of origin, is liable for any pro-Nazi or Holocaust denial information. |
|
How Much Freedom for Racist Speech? : Transnational Aspects of a Conflict of Human Rights |
|
|
Friedrich KUBLER |
| Latest update:
31/03/2003 |
First published:
1997 |
| Reference:
Hofstra University School of Law Review |
|
Racist speech as an issue of constitutional law; of international law - Legislation and judicial review: the diverging ways of the US and of Germany - The "common ground" between "slippery slopes" and "margins of appreciation". |
|
French Court Imposes Speech Restrictions Beyond Its Borders |
|
|
- - |
| Latest update:
31/03/2003 |
First published:
20/11/2000 |
| Reference:
Center for Democracy & Technology: Free Speech |
|
The French court ruling in the Yahoo! case and its possible implications. |
|
Was the French ruling on Yahoo Such a Victory After All? |
|
|
Carl KAPLAN |
| Latest update:
31/03/2003 |
First published:
16/11/2001 |
| Reference:
NYTimes.com |
|
The French ruling in the Yahoo! case was judged not enforceable in the US on the basis of the 1st Amendment to the Constitution. The jurisdictional dilemma posed by the Internet is still pending. Implications for Yahoo! and related problems. |
|
Case Analysis of League Against Racism and Antisemitism (LICRA), French Union of Jewish Students, v Yahoo! Inc. (USA), Yahoo! France, Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris (The County Court of Paris), Interim Court Order, 20 November, 2000 |
|
|
Yaman AKDENIZ |
| Latest update:
31/03/2003 |
First published:
2001 |
| Reference:
www.cyber-rights.org |
|
The Decision - The case and the May 2000 order - Issues related to Yahoo! Inc. - Issues related to Yahoo France - November 2000 decision - Reactions to the November 2000 case. |
|
Fighting Nazi and Anti-Semitic Material on the Internet: the Yahoo! Case & its Global Implications |
|
|
Benoit FRYDMAN - Isabelle RORIVE |
| Latest update:
31/03/2003 |
First published:
11/2/2002 |
| Reference:
Keynote presented at the Cardozo School of Law during the Conference: "Hate and Terrorist Speech on the Internet: The Global Implications of the Yahoo! Ruling in France" |
|
The Yahoo! case: Background - Arguments: Lack of jurisdiction; Passive role of Yahoo!; First Amendment; Technical constraints - Repercussions of the case. |
|
Tribunal de grande instance de Paris, 17ème chambre |
|
|
- - |
| Latest update:
31/03/2003 |
First published:
26/2/2002 |
| Reference:
Le forum des droits sur Internet : Jurisprudence |
|
Banalisation of nazism, propagation of antisemitism, promotion of Holocaust denial - Applicability of the French law - Illegal contents - Order delay. The judgment and its extracts. |
|
German Official Asks U.S. ISPs to Block Neo-Nazi sites |
|
|
Rick PERERA |
| Latest update:
31/03/2003 |
First published:
29/8/2000 |
| Reference:
CNN.com: Technology |
|
Appeal launched by Düsseldorf District Government President Jürgen Büssow, to the US ISPs responsible for three sites that carry anti-Semitic and racist content. Article 7 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights invoked. |
|
Portals Under Fire for Offensive Material |
|
|
Ian LYNCH |
| Latest update:
31/03/2003 |
First published:
30/8/2000 |
| Reference:
Computer Reseller News: Personal comptuing / Internet / News |
|
Büssow's initiative against US-based hate sites - Background of regulation of Internet content in Germany. |
|
Regulating Internet Content through Intermediaries in Europe and the USA |
|
|
Benoit FRYDMAN - Isabelle RORIVE |
| Latest update:
26/02/2003 |
First published:
2002 |
| Reference:
Zeitschrift fur Rechtssoziologie 23 (2002), Heft 1, S. 41-59 |
|
This paper emphasises the key role played by Internet Service Providers in the current developments in Internet content regulation. At present, no common international standards govern free speech limits on the Internet. Racist speech ... |
|
Battling online hate |
|
|
Kevin ANDERSON |
| Latest update:
19/02/2003 |
First published:
30/8/2001 |
| Reference:
BBC News - World - Americas |
|
One of the issues on the agenda at the World Conference on Racism in South Africa is the role of the media in addressing racism. How does a democratic society respond to racist or other offensive speech without trampling the right of free expression? |
|
Vers la reconnaissance d'un droit d'accès à la tribune médiatique |
|
|
Pierre-François DOCQUIR |
| Latest update:
17/01/2003 |
First published:
2002 |
| Reference:
Revue trimestrielle des droits de l'homme, 2002, p. 1035 |
|
Analysis of the case VgT Verein gegen Tierfabriken v. Switzerland (ECHR). Freedom of expression - Positive obligations - Litigation between private persons - Refusal to broadcast -Interference - Admissibility - Absence of necessity - Violation. |
|
La libre circulation internationale des informations par satellite : Note concernant l'arrêt Autronic de la CourEDH |
|
|
Gérard COHEN-JONATHAN |
| Latest update:
28/11/2002 |
First published:
1990 |
| Reference:
RUDH, 1990, P 313-316 |
|
The case considers for the first time « the new media » - Principle of unlimited international circulation of information – Right of the public to receive programs broadcast by a telecommunication satellite without unjustified interference. |
|
Discrimination raciale et liberté d'expression : A propos de l'arrêt de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme du 23 septembre 1994, Jersild contre Danemark |
|
|
Gérard COHEN-JONATHAN |
| Latest update:
28/11/2002 |
First published:
15/3/1995 |
| Reference:
RUDH, 1995, Vol. 7 No. 1-3, p. 1-8 |
|
An analysis of the case of Jersild v. Denmark (ECHR). The Court examines for the first time the problem of incitement to racial violence following a TV programme. |
|
La dimension universelle de la liberté d'expression dans la Déclaration des droits de l'homme de 1948 |
|
|
Cécile HISCOCK-LAGEOT |
| Latest update:
28/11/2002 |
First published:
2000 |
| Reference:
Revue trimestrielle des droits de l'homme, 2000, p. 229-239 |
|
Does the universality of the Declaration of Human Rights (1948) apply to the right to freedom of expression? Two aspects: content and origins of universality of freedom of expression. |
|
Le blasphémateur et le raciste |
|
|
Guy HAARSCHER |
| Latest update:
28/11/2002 |
First published:
1995 |
| Reference:
Revue trimestrielle des droits de l'homme, 1995, p. 417-422 |
|
Limits of the right to freedom of expression. Analysis of the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. |
|
La liberté d'expression et ses limites |
|
|
François RIGAUX |
| Latest update:
28/11/2002 |
First published:
1995 |
| Reference:
Revue trimestrielle des droits de l'homme, 1995, p. 401-415 |
|
Analysis of the case-law of the ECHR: the cases of Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria and Jersild v. Denmark – The Court's method of interpretation – Legitimacy of the aim of interference – Respect of the principle of proportionality. |
|
Fonction publique et Convention européenne des droits de l'homme : L'arrêt Vogt ou l'art de l'illusionnisme juridique |
|
|
Frédéric SUDRE |
| Latest update:
28/11/2002 |
First published:
1996 |
| Reference:
Revue trimestrielle des droits de l'homme, 1996, p. 405-432 |
|
Observations on the case of Vogt v. Germany (ECHR, 1995) – Applicability of the Convention to the case concerning public service – Limits of individual rights related to specific obligations borne by an official. |
|
La liberté d'expression selon la jurisprudence de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme de Strasbourg |
|
|
Jean-Paul COSTA |
| Latest update:
07/11/2002 |
First published:
6/2001 |
| Reference:
Actualité et Droit International |
|
An analysis of the case-law of the European Court of human rights on article 10. The importance of the freedom of expression in general, and of the freedom of the press in particular; exceptions compatible with the Convention. |
|
Examen de jurisprudence (1995-2000) Chapitre 6 |
|
|
Pierre-François DOCQUIR - Rusen ERGEC |
| Latest update:
28/10/2002 |
First published:
1/5/2002 |
| Reference:
R.C.J.B., 2002/1, pp. 85-229 |
|
The article reviews the whole of ECHR case law, from 1 January 1995 until 31 December 2000, highlighting the major threads and evolutions during this period. |
|
Comment concilier le contrôle des contenus et la liberté d'expression ? |
|
|
Pierre-François DOCQUIR |
| Latest update:
04/06/2002 |
First published:
1/5/2002 |
| Reference:
http://www.droit-technologie.org |
|
Reflections on the way in which the European Court of Human Rights' case law on freedom of expression could be applied to the context of the Internet. |
| |
|
|
| Websites |
|
|
Amnesty International |
| Languages:
Arabic English French Spanish |
 |
|
Country reports and the latest news releases, information on AI latest campaigns and appeals for action to help protect human rights. Section "Library": Research available by country / region / theme.
Links to hundreds of human rights websites. |
|
Human Rights Watch - Defending Human Rights Worldwide |
| Languages:
Arabic Chinese English French Portuguese Russian Spanish |
|
|
The official site of Human Rights Watch - an independent NGO.
News releases - Current events - Publications - Info by country - Campaigns - Issues -Reports - Links... Search engine. A very informative site. |
|
Damocles Network |
| Languages:
English French |
|
|
Website of the Damocles Network - Members - Publications - News - Interviews. |
|
Enduring freedoms |
| Languages:
English French |
|
|
Website created by RSF, FIDH and HRW in order to denounce the attacks, be they arbitrary or legal, against human rights, freedom of press and information on the internet. |
|
Human Rights in China |
| Languages:
Chinese English |
|
|
The official site of an international non-governmental organization. Publications - Research reports - Reports on human rights conditions in China, Tibet, Hong Kong - Campaigns - Activities - News - Useful links... |
|
Problematic Sites on the Internet |
| Languages:
English |
|
|
Provides a list of links to the major categories of concern to the Center: Antisemitic, Homophobic, Klan, Music, Skinheads, White Power, Targeting Youth, Targeting Women, Miscellaneous, Religious Extremism, Neo-Nazi, International, Mayhem. |
|
Statewatch |
| Languages:
English |
|
|
Monitors the state and civil liberties in the European Union - Database - Freedom of information in the EU - Encourages the publication of investigative journalism and critical research in the fields of the state, civil liberties and openness.
|
|
The International Freedom of Expression eXchange: IFEX |
| Languages:
English French Spanish |
|
|
Weekly online newsletter (Communiqué) on free expression issues - Archive of freedom of expression Alerts - List of IFEX members (many local NGOs) - Very good links. |
|
Cyber-liberties |
| Languages:
English |
|
|
American site on freedom of expression and information on the Internet - News database - Cyberliberties legislation archive - Recent court proceedings - Updates on threats to civil liberties. |
|
E-Democracy Resources |
| Languages:
English |
|
|
Links to other sites that discuss democracy on and via the internet. E-democracy is defined as: "the use of information and communication technologies and strategies by democratic actors (governments, elected officials, the media...)..." |
|
Freedom of expression links |
| Languages:
English |
|
|
Links on freedom of expression and censorship - Resources - Censorship on the Internet - Organizations
Documents - Legal Decisions and Appeals - Newsgroups and Listservs. Not scientifically-oriented. |
|
Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) |
| Languages:
English |
|
|
American site with index on issues concerning freedom of expression in electronic format - Campaigns - Info on (US)legal cases - Publications - Newsletter. |
|
Unlimited freedom of speech |
| Languages:
English |
|
|
Libertarian, US-oriented site - Very good links to civil rights, freedom of expression, historical and different national texts - Other parts of the site may also be worth exploring, but the articles are not very scientific. |
|
ECAS - Euro Citizen Action Service |
| Languages:
English French |
|
|
Information on: NGOs and Civil Society; Free movement and Citizens' Rights; and Access to Documents and Transparency. European Union context. ECAS is an independent "citizens' watchdog" group. |
| |
|
|
| Selected
Case Law |
|
|
Constitutional Rights Project and Civil Liberties Organisation v. Nigeria |
|
| Date:
31/10/1998 |
| Decision-making body:
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights |
| Legal reference:
Communication No. 102/93, in Annex V (Decisions on Communications) to the Twelfth Annual Activity Report of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, 1998-1999 (ACHPR/RPT/12th). |
|
Annulment of free elections - Arrests - Seizure of magazines - Violations of Articles 1 (respect for rights in the Charter), 6 (Liberty and Security), 9 (Freedom of expression and to receive information) and 13 (Right to participate in government). |
|
Media Rights Agenda, Constitutional Rights Project, Media Rights Agenda and Constitutional Rights Project v. Nigeria |
|
| Date:
31/10/1998 |
| Decision-making body:
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights |
| Legal reference:
Communications No. 105/93, 128/94, 130/94, 152/96, in Annex V (Decisions on Communications) to the Twelfth Annual Activity Report of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, 1998-1999 (ACHPR/RPT/12th). |
|
Proscribed publication of magazines and newspapers following annulment of 1993 elections - Freedom of Expression - Right to property - Violation of Articles 6, 9.1, 9.2, 7.1(c), 7.2, 14, and 16. |
|
International Pen, Constitutional Rights Project, Interights on behalf of Ken Saro-Wiwa Jr. and Civil Liberties Organisation v. Nigeria |
|
| Date:
31/10/1998 |
| Decision-making body:
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights |
| Legal reference:
Communications No. 137/94, 139/94, 154/96 and 161/97, in Annex V (Decisions on Communications) to the Twelfth Annual Activity Report of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, 1998-1999 (ACHPR/RPT/12th). |
|
Arrest, detention and execution of writer and activist - Execution while case pending before African Commission - Violation of Articles 1, 4, 5, 6, 7.1(b)(c) and (d), 9.2, 10.1, 11, 16, and 26. |
|
Free Legal Assistance Group, Lawyers' Committee for Human Rights, Union Interafricaine des Droits de l'Homme, Les Témoins de Jehovah v. Zaire |
|
| Date:
10/1995 |
| Decision-making body:
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights |
| Legal reference:
Communications Nos. 25/89, 47/90, 56/91, 100/93 (Joined), in Annex on Communications to the Ninth Annual Activity Report of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, 1995-1996 (ACHPR/RPT/9th), AHG/207 (XXXII). |
|
Economic, social and cultural rights - Zaire violates right to health (Art. 16, by failing to provide basic services) and right to education (Art. 17) - "Serious and massive violations" - Violation of Articles 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 16 and 17. |
|
Colombani and others v. France |
|
| Date:
25/6/2002 |
| Decision-making body:
European Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
ECHR, 25 June 2002, n° 51279/99 |
|
delict of offence to foreign head of state - liberty of expression - violation of article 10 ECHR |
|
Rekvényi v. Hungary |
|
| Date:
20/5/1999 |
| Decision-making body:
European Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
ECHR, 20 May 1999, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1999-III, n°25390/94. |
|
Banning members of the police from engaging in any political activity - Interference prescribed by law, pursuing legitimate aims and not disproportionate - No violation of articles 10, 11 and 14. |
|
Fressoz and Roire v. France |
|
| Date:
21/1/1999 |
| Decision-making body:
European Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
ECHR, 21 January 1999, Recueil 1999-I. n° 29183/95. |
|
Newspaper reveals the salary of an industry chief - Period of industrial unrest - Convicted for breach of professional confidence - Debate in the general interest - Information already published elsewhere - Article 10: disproportionate interference. |
|
Lehideux and Isorni v. France |
|
| Date:
23/9/1998 |
| Decision-making body:
European Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
ECHR, 23 September 1998, Recueil 1998-VII, n° 55/1997/839/1045. |
|
Call for the rehabilitation of Marshal Pétain - Conviction for apologia of crimes of collaboration with the enemy - Debate about national history - Article 10 ECHR applies also to ideas that offend, shock or disturb - Disproportionate sanction. |
|
Incal v. Turkey |
|
| Date:
9/6/1998 |
| Decision-making body:
European Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
ECHR, 9 June 1998, Reports 1998-IV, n°41/1997/825/1031. |
|
Conviction of the applicant for separatist propaganda by the National Security Court - Radical interference - Conviction disproportionate to the aim pursued - Not necessary in a democratic society - Violation of Articles 10 and 6 § 1. |
|
Guerra and others v. Italy |
|
| Date:
19/2/1998 |
| Decision-making body:
European Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
ECHR, 19 February 1998, Recueil 1998-I. n° 116/1996/735/932. |
|
Severe environmental pollution (chemical factory) - Interference in private and family life - Positive obligation of the State to provide citizens with all relevant information to allow them to assess the risks - Violation - Art. 10 not applicable. |
|
Oberschlick v. Austria (No. 2) |
|
| Date:
1/7/1997 |
| Decision-making body:
European Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
ECHR, 1 July 1997, Reports 1997-IV. n° 47/1996/666/852. |
|
Press - Injurious statements about a politician - Convicted of defamation - Limits of admissible criticism are wider where a public figure is concerned - Response to a politician's polemic speech - Violation of Article 10. |
|
De Haes and Gijsels v. Belgium |
|
| Date:
24/2/1997 |
| Decision-making body:
European Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
ECHR, 24 February 1997, Recueil 1997-I. n° 7/1996/626/809. |
|
Personal criticism of judges - Journalists sued for defamation - Freedom of press - Duties of journalists - Choice of a polemic tone - Seriousness of deeds (pedophilia) - Debate in the general interest - Violation of Articles 10 and 6(1). |
|
Goodwin v. the United Kingdom |
|
| Date:
27/3/1996 |
| Decision-making body:
European Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
ECHR, 27 March 1996, Recueil 1996-II, n° 16/1994/463/544. |
|
Protection of journalistic sources - Information the object of a prohibition of publication - Judicial injunction to reveal the sources must be justified by an overriding public interest - Violation of Article 10. |
|
Jersild v. Denmark |
|
| Date:
23/9/1994 |
| Decision-making body:
European Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
ECHR, 23 September 1994, Series A, 298 |
|
Journalist condemned for disseminating racist statements made by interviewed persons in a news reporting broadcast - Rights and duties of journalist in audiovisual media - Absence of racist purpose - Sanction found to be disproportionate. |
|
Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria |
|
| Date:
20/9/1994 |
| Decision-making body:
European Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
ECHR, 20 September 1994, Series A - 295-A |
|
Seizure and forfeiture of a film caricaturing religion - Protection of the rights of others (freedom of thought, conscience and religion) - Impossible to identify a uniform conception of morals or religion in Europe - National margin of appreciation. |
|
Jacubowski v. Germany |
|
| Date:
23/6/1994 |
| Decision-making body:
European Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
ECHR, 23 June 1994, A291-A. n° 7/1993/402/480. |
|
Legislation on unfair competition - Prohibition on distribution of information about a past employer - Interference in the right to freedom of expression - Margin of appreciation in commercial matters - No violation of Article 10. |
|
Casado Coca v. Spain |
|
| Date:
24/2/1994 |
| Decision-making body:
European Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
ECHR, 24 February 1994, A285-A. n° 8/1993/403/481. |
|
Lawyer - Diffusion of advertisements - Disciplinary sanctions - Applicability of Article 10 to commercial information - Professional regulations - Role of public authorities - No violation. |
|
Informationsverein Lentia and Others v. Austria |
|
| Date:
24/11/1993 |
| Decision-making body:
European Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
ECHR,. n° 36/1992/381/455-459. |
|
Public monopoly on radio and television transmissions - Authorization rules conform to Article 10(1) but not Article 10(2) - Legitimate aim to protect pluralism and objectivity - Interference disproportionate - Violation of Article 10. |
|
Open Door and Dublin Well Woman v. Ireland |
|
| Date:
29/10/1992 |
| Decision-making body:
European Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
ECHR, 29 October 1992, 246-A. n° 64/1991/316/387-388. |
|
Ireland - Legal prohibition of abortion - Prohibition to spread information about the possibility of abortion practiced abroad - Information available elsewhere - Disproportionate interference - Violation of Article 10. |
|
Schwabe v. Austria |
|
| Date:
28/8/1992 |
| Decision-making body:
European Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
ECHR, 28 August 1992, A242-B. n° 46/1991/298/369. |
|
Politician evoking the criminal past of his political opponent - Convicted for defamation - Statements were precise as to the facts and made in good faith - The truth of a value judgment need not be proven - Violation of Article 10. |
|
Thorgeir Thorgeirson v. Iceland |
|
| Date:
25/6/1992 |
| Decision-making body:
European Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
ECHR, 25 June 1992, A 239. n° 47/1991/299/370. |
|
Police brutality - Criticised in the press - Conviction for defamation - Serious question of public interest - Language used cannot be regarded as excessive given the intended effect - Disproportionate interference - Violation of Article 10. |
|
Castells v. Spain |
|
| Date:
23/4/1992 |
| Decision-making body:
European Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
ECHR, 23 April 1992, A-236. n° 2/1991/254/325. |
|
Criticism of the government - Lawsuit - Freedom of expression of an elected representative - Proposal to establish the truth of the statements - Limits of admissible criticism are wider where the government is concerned - Violation of Article 10. |
|
Observer and Guardian v. the United Kingdom |
|
| Date:
26/11/1991 |
| Decision-making body:
European Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
ECHR, 26 November 1991, A-216. n° 51/1990/242/313. |
|
Memoirs of a secret agent - Judicial prohibition to publish in the press - Interference prescribed by law and having a legitimate aim - Interference cannot pass as necessary after the appearance of the book - Violation of Article 10. |
|
Autronic AG v. Switzerland |
|
| Date:
22/5/1990 |
| Decision-making body:
European Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
ECHR, 22 May 1990, Series A -178 |
|
Article 10 ECHR is applicable to profit-making corporate bodies - Means of transmission or reception - Reception of programs broadcasted through satellites - Denial of authorisation - Absence of necessity in a democratic society. |
|
Sunday Times v. United Kingdom |
|
| Date:
26/4/1979 |
| Decision-making body:
European Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
ECHR, 26 April 1979, Series A, no. 30 |
|
Prohibition for the press to publish information about an on-going trial - Article 10 ECHR - Measure prescribed by law - Legitimate aim: to preserve the authority of the judiciary - Absence of a pressing social need. |
|
Robert Faurisson v. France |
|
| Date:
16/12/1996 |
| Decision-making body:
Human Rights Committee |
| Legal reference:
Communication No 550/1993 : France. 16/12/96. CCPR/C/58/D/550/1993 |
|
Revisionism (denial of the Holocaust) - Criminal sentence - No violation of the Covenant - Necessary restriction on freedom of expression. |
|
Jong-Kyu Sohn v. Republic of Korea |
|
| Date:
3/8/1995 |
| Decision-making body:
Human Rights Committee |
| Legal reference:
CCPR/C/54/D/518/1992 |
|
Conviction of a striker - Freedom of expression - Legal and necessary restrictions (Article 19(3)) - Violation of Article 19(2) - Restrictive approach to the notion of national security. |
|
Albert Womah Mukong v. Cameroon |
|
| Date:
10/8/1994 |
| Decision-making body:
Human Rights Committee |
| Legal reference:
CCPR/C/51/D/458/1991 |
|
Arrest and detention of a journalist advocating multiparty democracy - Violation of Article 7 - Conditions of detention - Violation of Articles 9(1) and 19. |
|
Auli Kivenmaa v. Finland |
|
| Date:
10/6/1994 |
| Decision-making body:
Human Rights Committee |
| Legal reference:
CCPR/C/50/D/412/1990 |
|
Legal obligation to notify police in advance of public meetings held outdoors - Protest against the visit of a foreign head of state - Violation of Articles 19 (freedom of expression) and 21 (peaceful assembly). |
|
Angel N. Oló Bahamonde v. Equatorial Guinea |
|
| Date:
10/11/1993 |
| Decision-making body:
Human Rights Committee |
| Legal reference:
Communication No. 468/1991 : Equatorial Guinea. 10/11/93. CCPR/C/49/D/468/1991 |
|
Freedom of expression - Political opinions - Confiscation of the passport and private property of an accused - Violation of Articles 9, 12, 14 et 26 - Damages in kind. |
|
John Ballantyne and Elizabeth Davidson, and Gordon McIntyre v. Canada |
|
| Date:
5/5/1993 |
| Decision-making body:
Human Rights Committee |
| Legal reference:
Communication No. 359/1989 : Canada. 05/05/93. CCPR/C/47/D/359/1989 |
|
Ban on the use of the English language in commercial advertising - Violation of Article 19(2) - No discrimination - Notion of linguistic minority. |
|
William Eduardo Delgado Páez v. Colombia |
|
| Date:
23/8/1990 |
| Decision-making body:
Human Rights Committee |
| Legal reference:
Communication No. 195/1985 : Colombia. 23/08/90. CCPR/C/39/D/195/1985 |
|
Teacher of religion and ethics - Suspension justified by his progressive ideas - Threats - Violation of Articles 9(1) and 25(c). |
|
Gilberto François Croes v. The Netherlands |
|
| Date:
16/11/1988 |
| Decision-making body:
Human Rights Committee |
| Legal reference:
Communication No. 164/1984 : Netherlands. 16/11/88. CCPR/C/34/D/164/1984 |
|
Attack on the physical integrity of a demonstrator by a police agent - Attack not prosecuted - Communication based on Articles 6, 9(1), 19, 21, 25 and 26 - Inadmissible - Possibility to bring a civil action. |
|
Antonio Viana Acosta v. Uruguay |
|
| Date:
29/3/1984 |
| Decision-making body:
Human Rights Committee |
| Legal reference:
CCPR/C/21/D/110/1981 |
|
Arrest and detention of a journalist - Torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment - Notion of inhuman treatment - Violation of Articles 7, 10 and 14. |
|
J. R. T. and the W. G. Party v. Canada |
|
| Date:
6/4/1983 |
| Decision-making body:
Human Rights Committee |
| Legal reference:
CCPR/C/18/D/104/1981 |
|
Discussion of racial and religious intolerance - Political party - Communication based on articles 17 and 19 - Communication inadmissible because introduced by an association and not an individual. |
|
Leo R. Hertzberg, Uit Mansson, Astrid Nikula and Marko and Tuovi Putkonen v. Finland |
|
| Date:
2/4/1982 |
| Decision-making body:
Human Rights Committee |
| Legal reference:
CCPR/C/15/D/61/1979 |
|
Sanctions and censorship of programs dealing with homosexuality - Right of access to media - No violation of article 19(2) - Margin of appreciation is left to national authorities in areas of public morality. |
|
M.A. v. Italy |
|
| Date:
21/9/1981 |
| Decision-making body:
Human Rights Committee |
| Legal reference:
Communication No. 117/1981: Italy. 21/09/81. U.N. Doc. Supp. No. 40 (A/39/40) at 190 (1984) |
|
Attempt to re-establish the Italian Fascist Party - Criminal sentence - Freedom of expression - Communication based on Article 19 - Inadmissible. |
|
Sergio Ruben Lopez Burgos v. Uruguay |
|
| Date:
29/7/1981 |
| Decision-making body:
Human Rights Committee |
| Legal reference:
Communication No. 52/1979 : Uruguay. 29/07/81. CCPR/C/13/D/52/1979 |
|
Arbitrary arrest and detention -
Kidnapping carried out in the territory of another State - Torture - Judicial guarantees - Trade union activities - Violation of Articles 7, 9, 14, 19 and 22. |
|
Luciano Weinberger Weisz v. Uruguay |
|
| Date:
29/10/1980 |
| Decision-making body:
Human Rights Committee |
| Legal reference:
CCPR/C/11/D/28/1978 |
|
Arbitrary arrest and detention - Cruel treatment - Deprivation of the right to participate in political activities for 15 years - Violation of articles 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 19, 25 - Excessive restriction on the political rights of a criminal offender. |
|
Beatriz Weismann and Alcides Lanza Perdomo v. Uruguay |
|
| Date:
3/4/1980 |
| Decision-making body:
Human Rights Committee |
| Legal reference:
CCPR/C/9/D/8/1977 |
|
Arrest and arbitrary detention - Due process - Application of freedom of expression - Right to free expression of political opinions - Violation of articles 7, 9, 10, 14 and 19. |
|
Ivcher Brostein Case (No. 74) |
|
| Date:
6/2/2001 |
| Decision-making body:
Inter-American Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
Ivcher Brostein, Decision and Judgement. IACHR Series C. N° 74. February 6, 2001. (See also Nos. 54, 84). |
|
Television transmission denouncing atrocities committed by the Peruvian army - Loss of nationality - Violation of articles 20 (Right to a nationality), 8 & 25 (Judicial guarantees and protection), 21 (Private property) and 13 (Freedom of expression). |
|
The Last Temptation of Christ Case (No. 73) |
|
| Date:
5/2/2001 |
| Decision-making body:
Inter-American Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
The Last Temptation of Christ, Decision and Judgement. IACHR Series C. N° 73. February 5, 2001. |
|
Censorship of the Martin Scorsese film, "The Last Temptation of Christ" - Violation of freedom of thought and expression (article 13). |
|
Ivcher Brostein Case (No. 54) |
|
| Date:
24/9/1999 |
| Decision-making body:
Inter-American Court of Human Rights |
| Legal reference:
Ivcher Brostein, Competence. IACHR Series C. N° 54. September 24, 1999. (See also Nos. 74, 84). |
|
Television transmission denouncing atrocities committed by the Peruvian army - Loss of nationality - Violation of articles 20 (Right to a nationality), 8 & 25 (Judicial guarantees and protection), 21 (Private property) and 13 (Freedom of expression). |
| |
|
|
| Case Law
Websites |
|
|
Commonwealth Human Rights Case Law Database (The) |
| Languages:
English |
|
|
Allows you to browse or search for summaries of recent human rights decisions from national courts in Commonwealth jurisdictions. |
|
Council of Europe - Human Rights Web |
| Languages:
English French |
|
|
Search the case-law of the European Convention on Human Rights control bodies. |
|
Inter-American Court of Human Rights |
| Languages:
English Spanish |
|
|
Search the case law of the Inter-American Court. |
|
International Human Rights Law Database (The) |
| Languages:
English |
|
|
A resource for those seeking summaries and commentaries on international human rights case law, the database allows searches by text, 47 subjects, 81 states, 9 treaties, 9 decisionmaking bodies, and date. A powerful and quick database. |
|
Repertorio de Jurisprudencia del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos |
| Languages:
Spanish |
|
|
Directory of the case law of the Inter-American Court 1980 - 1997. |
| |
|
|
| Reports |
|
|
Short Statement on behalf of EUMC at Public Hearing of the European Commission regarding Computer-related Crime on 7.3.2001 in Brussels |
|
|
European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia |
Date:
27/2/2001 |
| Reference:
EUMC U1 1604 NN |
| Source:
EUMC |
|
Racism on the internet is a growing problem - 3 main benefits to racist groups - A need for a concerted action of states. |
|
Right to freedom of opinion and expression - Report of the Special Rapporteur |
|
|
Rapporteur spécial de la Commission des droits de l'homme de l'ONU / Special Rapporteur of the UN Commission on Human Rights |
Date:
13/2/2001 |
| Reference:
Distr. GENERAL, E/CN.4/2001/64, 13 February 2001 |
| Source:
United Nations Commission on Human Rights |
|
The report identifies "trends" that may encourage Governments to review practices and take remedial action when required. The Special Rapporteur also directs the attention of Governments to a number of issues of concern, urging them to review their approach to new technologies and to the right to freedom of opinion and expression of women. Concerns related to increasing violations committed by non-State actors are also raised.
The Special Rapporteur concludes the report with his recommendations. |
|
For the Record 2001: The United Nations Human Rights System |
|
|
Human Rights Internet |
Date:
2001 |
| Reference:
Human Rights Internet, 2001 |
| Source:
Human Rights Internet |
|
FTR is an electronic annual report that provides summaries of relevant human rights information generated within the UN system. An important reference tool for those active in national and international social justice movements, the report also aids in simplifying the human rights work of the UN for the uninitiated, members of national legislative assemblies, journalists, students, teachers and the general public.
Produced with the support of the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade since 1997, the report is organized thematically as well as by country and covers all relevant UN documentation over a full calendar year. These include: State reports prepared for the six human rights treaty bodies and the concluding observations of the experts who review those reports; documentation, resolutions and decisions by various UN system bodies. |
|
For the Record 2001: The European Human Rights System |
|
|
Human Rights Internet & Netherlands Institute of Human Rights / Internet des droits humains et l' Institut néerlandais des droits de l'homme |
Date:
2001 |
| Reference:
- |
| Source:
Human Rights Internet & Netherlands Institute of Human Rights |
|
A review of the major human rights developments in the European human rights system (within the Council of Europe). Organized thematically and by country. Focuses on developments in the scope of: European Convention on Human Rights; European Social Charter; European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment and its protocols; Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities; and the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance.
A major distinguishing feature of FTR Europe is that it contains summaries of human rights case law. |
|
Freedom of Expression on the Internet |
|
|
Human Rights Watch |
Date:
2000 |
| Reference:
World Report 2000, Special Issues |
| Source:
Human Rights Watch |
|
The field of Internet regulation and surveillance was still very much in flux in 1999. It was clear, however, that the privacy and free expression rights of users of this global medium would be shaped by a multiplicity of regulations and policies. |
|
Freedom Of Expression On The Internet |
|
|
Human Rights Watch |
Date:
1999 |
| Reference:
HRW World Report 1999: Special Programs and Campaigns |
| Source:
Human Rights Watch |
|
Analysis of measures and legislative initiatives adopted in different countries in order to regulate freedom of expression on the Internet. Monitoring - Cryptography - Blocking access to web sites - Labeling - Filtering... |
| |
|
|
| Books |
|
|
Freedom of the Press. An Annotated Bibliography. |
|
|
Ralph MCCOY |
| Reference:
http://www.lib.siu.edu/cni/homepage.html, SIU (version électronique on line), 1995 |
| Languages:
English |
|
8,000 entries include censorship and its opposite, the freedom of expression, as found in all media of mass communication - US and GB as well as Ireland, Canada, India, Australia, and other present and former Commonwealth countries. |
|
Freedom of Speech |
|
|
Eric BARENDT |
| Reference:
Oxford, Clarendon Paperbacks, 1985 |
| Languages:
English |
|
This book examines the legal protection of speech in the United States, Great Britain, and Germany under the European Convention of Human Rights. |
|
Jurisprudence de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l'Homme |
|
|
Vincent BERGER |
| Reference:
Paris, Dalloz, 2000 |
| Languages:
French |
|
Analytical summaries of the most important decisions rendered by the European Court of Human Rights since its creation in 1959.
This book does not contain commentaries on the of the soundness of the decisions or the Court's reasoning. |
|
Droits de l'homme et libertés fondamentales |
|
|
Jacques ROBERT |
| Reference:
Paris, Montchrestien, 1996 |
| Languages:
French |
|
Public liberties and legal systems: 1) in the declarations of rights; 2) procedures of recognition of liberties ; 3) ways of protection.
Liberties recognised under modern French law. |
|
European Human Rights Law : Text and Materials |
|
|
Anthony BRADLEY - Mark JANIS - Richard KAY |
| Reference:
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1995 |
| Languages:
English |
|
The legal process and the substantive law developed pursuant to the Council of Europe's Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.
Institutions and procedures - Selected substantive areas of adjudication - Application in domestic law. |
|
Proceedings of the sixth International Colloquy about the European Convention on Human Rights = Actes du sixième Colloque international sur la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme |
|
|
|
| Reference:
Dordrecht / Boston / London, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1988 |
| Languages:
English French |
|
Colloquy organised by the Secretariat General of the Council of Europe, Seville, 13-16 November 1985.
I. Freedom of expression and information in a democratic society.
II. Responsibilities deriving from the implementation of the ECHR. |
|
L'harmonisation de la liberté d'expression en Europe : contribution à l'étude de l'article 10 de la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme et de son application en Autriche et au Royaume-Uni |
|
|
Mario OETHEIMER |
| Reference:
Paris, Publications de la FMDH, Série No. 6, Editions A. Pedone, 2001 |
| Languages:
French |
|
Interpretation and application of Article 10 of the ECHR in Austria in Britain - Influence of the Convention on national jurisdictions - Effect of international obligations - Impact of national legislation - The idea of "European standards". |
|
Human Liberty and Freedom of Speech |
|
|
Edwin BAKER |
| Reference:
New York / Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1989 |
| Languages:
English |
|
This book encompasses edited and revised versions of articles on the First Amendment of the US Constitution published in various reviews. The author critiques the assumptions required by the marketplace of ideas theory and develops the liberty theory |
|
Law of Internet Speech (2nd ed.) |
|
|
Madeleine SCHACHTER |
| Reference:
Durham, North Carolina, Carolina Academic Press, 2002 |
| Languages:
English |
|
Dense, detailed and practical presentation of American law of circulation of information on the Internet (freedom of speech, content regulation, intellectual property, privacy). Includes large excerpts from relevant classical and most recent case-law |
|
Cinquantième anniversaire de la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme |
|
|
C. Teitgen-Colly Ed. - Catherine TEITGEN-COLLY |
| Reference:
Bruxelles, Droit & Justice 33, Nemesis - Bruylant, 2002 |
| Languages:
French |
|
Conference(2000)
I. Origins of the ECHR
II. Influence of the ECHR
(recent democraties, futur)
III. Case-law (access to law, fair trial, freedom of speech, foreigners, relations between private persons)
IV. French judges and the ECHR |
|
Le devoir de réserve : l'expression censurée ? |
|
|
Institut d'études sur la Justice Ed. |
| Reference:
Bruxelles, Cahiers de l'Institut d'études sur la Justice, 5, Bruylant, 2004 |
| Languages:
French |
|
A number of professions are characterised by a code of professional ethics that include a duty of reserve. This duty to preserve secrecy is a variable concept, which is only defined through (sometimes arbitrary) judicial or disciplinary decisions. |
|
La protection internationale de la liberté religieuse |
|
|
J.-F. Flauss Ed. - Jean-François FLAUSS |
| Reference:
Bruxelles, Publications de l'Institut International des DH, Bruylant, 2002 |
| Languages:
English French |
|
Evolution of religious freedom in international law - interdiction of religious discrimination - autonomy of will - conscientious objection - freedom of expression - public order - relations between the state and religious groups |
|
Freedom of Expression and the Criticism of Judges : A comparative study of European legal standards |
|
|
Michael K. Addo Ed. |
| Reference:
Aldershot, England, Ashgate / Dartmouth, 2000 |
| Languages:
English |
|
Essays on the criticism of judges in connection with their accountability country by country: England and Wales, Ireland, Germany, Austria, Belgium, France, Denmark, Iceland, Netherlands, Italy, Greece, Russia, Hungary.
The influence of the ECHR. |
|
La Grèce devant la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme |
|
|
P. Lambert Ed. |
| Reference:
Bruxelles, Droit & Justice, Bruylant, 2003 |
| Languages:
|
|
Analysis of the European Court of Human Right's case-law concerning Greece. |
|
Les mesures relatives aux étrangers à l'épreuve de la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme |
|
|
P. Lambert, C. Pettiti Ed. |
| Reference:
Bruxelles, Droit & Justice, Bruylant, 2003 |
| Languages:
French |
|
Collected papers from a 2003 seminar dedicated to the European Court of Human Rights' case-law related to the various situations that non-national foreigners are confronted with (non admission, asylum, deportation, "double punishment"). |
| |
|
|
| Periodicals |
|
|
Revue trimestrielle des droits de l'homme |
|
| Reference:
Bruxelles, Nemesis |
| Contact:
vf@lambert.be |
http://www.revtrdrh.be |
| Languages:
French |
|
Specialized periodical. Articles on doctrine - Commentaries on the decisions of various courts - Extracts of new decisions - Bibliographies - News: conferences... Special issues. |
|
Revue trimestrielle des droits de l'homme - Numéro spécial: La liberté d'expression (n°13 - 1er janvier 1993) |
|
| Reference:
Bruxelles, Nemesis |
| Contact:
vf@lambert.be |
http://www.revtrdrh.be |
| Languages:
French |
|
Analysis of the European Court of Human Rights jurisprudence on the liberty of expression. Aspects: right to information; lawfulness of restrictions, interferences and preventive interventions; racist or revisionist speech; etc. |
| |
|
|
| Human Rights
Actors |
|
|
Alberta Civil Liberties Research Centre (ACLRC) |
|
|
http://www.aclrc.com |
Type:Research / Education |
|
The mission of the Center is to promote awareness among Albertans about civil liberties and human rights through research and education. |
|
Amnesty International (AI) |
|
|
http://www.amnesty.org |
Type:International or Regional Organization |
|
Amnesty International is a worldwide campaigning movement that works to promote internationally recognized human rights. |
|
Article XIX () |
|
|
http://www.article19.org |
Type:NGO (Non-Governmental Organization) |
|
Organisation for the monitoring, research, publication and lobby on behalf of freedom of expression. |
|
Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) |
|
|
http://www.cpj.org/ |
Type:NGO (Non-Governmental Organization) |
|
A nonpartisan, nonprofit organization. Monitors abuses against the press, promotes press freedom around the world. Protects journalists by publicly revealing abuses against the press and by acting on behalf of imprisoned and threatened journalists. |
|
Communication Assistance Foundation (CAF) |
|
|
http://www.freevoice.nl/ |
Type:NGO (Non-Governmental Organization) |
|
This organisation works for the freedom of media in developing countries. |
|
Damocles Network () |
|
|
http://www.rsf.org/ |
Type:NGO (Non-Governmental Organization) |
|
The Damocles Network is the judicial arm of Reporters Without Borders. It was founded in December 2001 in response to the alarming fact that more than 500 journalists had been killed, murdered or were missing as result of trying to do their job. |
|
Digital Freedom Network (DFN) |
|
|
http://www.dfn.org/ |
Type:NGO (Non-Governmental Organization) |
|
The Digital Freedom Network (DFN) develops and promotes the use of Internet technology for human rights activism around the world.
|
|
Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) |
|
|
http://www.eff.org |
Type:NGO (Non-Governmental Organization) |
|
NGO working to protect our fundamental rights regardless of technology, to educate the press, policymakers and the public about civil liberties issues related to technology, and to act as a defender of those liberties. |
|
Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) |
|
|
http://www.epic.org/ |
Type:Research / Education |
|
EPIC is a public interest research center in Washington, D.C. It was established in 1994 to focus public attention on emerging civil liberties issues and to protect privacy, the First Amendment, and constitutional values.
|
|
Freedom House (FH) |
|
|
http://www.freedomhouse.org |
Type:NGO (Non-Governmental Organization) |
|
Non-profit, nonpartisan organization. Conducts research, advocacy, education, and training initiatives that promote human rights, democracy, free market economics, the rule of law, independent media, and U.S. engagement in international affairs. |
|
Freedom of Expression Institute (FXI) |
|
|
http://www.fxi.org.za/ |
Type:NGO (Non-Governmental Organization) |
|
The Institute's work to uphold the values of freedom of speech and expression involves monitoring (watchdog) and research functions, litigation, educational activities and campaigns. |
|
Greek Helsinki Monitor (GHM) |
|
|
http://www.greekhelsinki.gr |
Type:NGO (Non-Governmental Organization) |
|
Monitors, publishes and lobbies on human rights issues in Greece and, occasionally, in the Balkans. Monitoring of Greek and Balkan media for stereotypes and hate speech. Reports on ethnonational, ethnolinguistic, religious and immigrant communities. |
|
Humanitarian Law Center (HLC) |
|
|
http://www.hlc.org.yu/ |
Type:NGO (Non-Governmental Organization) |
|
A regional, non-profit NGO that monitors respect for human rights in Serbia, Montenegro and Kosovo. It advocates, investigates and reports on breaches of international humanitarian law, investigates human rights violations, and represents victims. |
|
International Freedom of Expression eXchange (IFEX) |
|
|
http://www.ifex.org/ |
Type:Network |
|
IFEX, founded in 1992, is made up of over 50 different freedom of expression groups. It is a clearing house for an Action Alert Network (AAN) that allows for a rapid, world-wide and coordinated response to freedom of expression violations. |
|
International Human Rights Network of Academies and Scholarly Societies (U.S. National Academy of Sciences) () |
|
|
http://www4.nas.edu/oia/oiahome.nsf/web/network?Op |
Type:Network |
|
Assists scientists and scholars around the world who are subjected to severe repression solely for having nonviolently exercised their rights. Promotes human rights consciousness-raising and institutional commitment to human rights work worldwide. |
|
International Press Institute (IPI) |
|
|
http://www.freemedia.at/ |
Type:NGO (Non-Governmental Organization) |
|
"A global network of editors, media executives and leading journalists, dedicated to freedom of the press and improving the standards and practises of journalism". |
|
OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media (FOM) |
|
|
http://www.osce.org/fom/ |
Type:International or Regional Organization |
|
Since 1997, observes media developments in OSCE states with a view of providing early warning on violations of freedom of expression. Advocates, promotes compliance with OSCE principles and commitments regarding freedom of expression and free media. |
|
Reporters Without Borders (RSF) |
|
|
http://www.rsf.org |
Type:NGO (Non-Governmental Organization) |
|
International secretary of the association |
|
Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression () |
|
|
http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/7/b/mfro.htm |
Type:United Nations System |
|
Mandate established in 1993... |
|
Statewatch () |
|
|
http://www.statewatch.org/ |
Type:Network |
|
Non-profit-making voluntary group founded in 1991. It is comprised of lawyers, academics, journalists, researchers and community activists. Statewatch encourages the publication of investigative journalism and critical research. |
| |
|
|